Summary SVAMPE 11 - 20.

SVAMPE 1-10 - SVAMPE 11-20 - SVAMPE 21-30 - SVAMPE 31-40 - SVAMPE 41-50 - SVAMPE 51-60

Vaxcaps (Hygrocybe spp.) used as indicator-species of mycologically valuable grasslands - Erik Rald - Svampe 11: 1-9. The impact on land use methods on the natural fungus flora of Danish grasslands is evaluated, and the importance of registration and conservation of the still remaining sites with an undisturbed flora is stressed. The number of Hygrocybe s.l. species is proposed as an indicator of the conservation value of grassland fungi localities. A four-step scale is suggested: I of national, II of regional, III of local and IV of minor importance, as currently used in Danish environmental registration practice (Tab. 3).
The paper is illustrated with photos of two groups of Hygrocybe-species: The large red ones and the all-viscid group.
Fig. 1. Hygrocybe punicea. Cap when moist viscid, when dry glabrous, dark red, discolouring to dirty ochre when drying; gills adnexed; stem fibrillose-striate; flesh white, smell absent. Rare.
Fig. 2. Hygrocybe splendidissima. Cap when moist slightly greasy, when dry radially fibrillose, intensely red, only slightly discolouring to orange red when drying; gills adnexed; stem smooth or slightly silky-striate; flesh yellow; smell (in box) of honey or gas, rather faint. Very rare.
Fig. 3. Hygrocybe coccinea. Cap when moist slightly viscid, when dry glabrous, intensely red, discolouring to dirty cream when drying; gills adnate; stem smooth or slightly silky-striate; flesh red to orange; smell absent. Occasional.
Fig. 4. Hygrocybe psittacina. Cap and stem very viscid, often with gay colours, green yellow, yellowish brown, more rarely turquoise, pink or purplish red, stem apex persistently green; gills adnexed, edge dry; smell absent. Rather common.
Fig. 5. Hygrocybe laeta. Cap and stem very viscid, brownish, reddish or yellowish orange, stem apex persistently brownish orange or greyish violet; gills decurrent, edge viscid; smell (in box) of burnt rubber. Occasional.
Fig. 6. Hygrocybe unguinosa. Cap and stem very viscid, greyish black, grey brown or whitish; gills white, adnate or decurrent, edge dry; smell absent. Occasional.

Vaxcaps on grasslands in Vendsyssel - David Boertmann - Svampe 12: 41-49. In the autumn 1984 23 unfertilized commons and grasslands in Vendsyssel (Northern Jutland) were investigated for species of Hygrocybe and Camarophyllus (and Hygrotrama, but none recorded). 34 taxa were recorded, many rare or little known in Denmark. Table 1 gives an outlineof the localities: Locality number (Lokalitet nr.), name (navn), UTM coordinates (UTM koordinater), area (areal), number of visits (antal besøg) and classification (vurdering) according to Ralds (1985) four-step scale. Table 2 and 3 gives an outline of species recorded. Table 2 gives the Hygrocybe and Camarophyllus, table 3 selected other grassland fungi. >>Hyppighed<< = number of localities on which species id found. >>Arter<< = species. >>Ialt<< = number of. (+) species not recorded in 1984 but in 1982 or 1983. Species indicated with ? are not identified with certainty.
Legend to colourphotos.
Fig. 2-5: Small species with viscid cap. Fig. 6-9: Large-spored, non-blackening species with free gills.
Fig. 2. Hygrocybe ceracea (Wulf.: Fr.) Karst. ss. Arnolds (= H. citrina Rea ss. Lge., H. vitellinoides Bon). Cap 0.5-4 cm, semiglobate to applanate, sticky, yellow, rarely orange. Gills broadly adnate to decurrent with tooth, yellow, usually paler than cap. Stem dry, concolourous with cap. Spores 5.5-8.5 x 3-4.5 µm, usually constricted in both front and side view. Rather common. Foto: David Boertmann, Frederikshavn, 18.X.1983.
Fig. 3. Hygrocybe insipida (Lge. ex Lundell) Mos. Cap 0.3-3 cm, viscid, semiglobate to applanate, viscid/sticky, orangered, rarely pure yellow or red. Gills decurrent, subconcolourous with cap and with paler to whitish edge. Stem yellow to orange-yellow, sometimes red at apex or entirely red, in fresh conditions markedly moist, but soon drying. Spores 5.5-7.5 x 3-4 µm, often slightly constricted. Occasional. Foto: David Boertmann, Frederikshavn, 4.XI.1984.
Fig. 4. Hygrocybe glutinipes (Lge.) Haller ss. Kühn. Cap 1-3 cm, viscid, semiglobate to applanate with depressed centre and more or less decurved margin, yellow, orange or rarely red. Gills paler than cap, ventricose, adnate. Stem distinctly viscid, concolourous with cap or yellow, usually with more intensely orange or reddish apex. Spores 6.8-8 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid to ovoid, rarely slightly constricted. Hyphae of gill-trama long and slender (200-400 m) as in H. conica. Occasional. This interpretation of Langes species with long gill-trama cells, is the only one we know from Denmark. Foto: Erik Rald, Frederiksborg Slotspark, 25.X.1984.
Fig. 5. Hygrocybe vitellina (Fr.) Karst. ss. Møller (?= H. citrinopallida (Smith & Hesl.) Kobayasi), non H. vitellina ss. Arnolds, Orton, Lundell & Nannfeldt). Cap 0.8-2 cm, yellow fading to whitish, semiglobate with more or less pronounced central depression, with slightly undulating margin, viscid. Gills decurrent, broad, deep yellow. Stem yellowish white, slimy to sticky. Spores 7-11 x 4.5-6 µm, amygdaloid. Not recorded from Denmark. Foto: Henrik F. Gøtzsche, Island, 18.VIII.1984.
Fig. 6. Hygrocybe acutoconica (Clem.) Sing. (= H. constans Lge., H. langei Kühn.). Cap 1.5-6 cm, acutely conical, later expanded with acute umbo, viscid, yellow to orange. Gills yellow. Stem dry, concolourous with cap, often white at base, logitudinally striate. Flesh yellow, not blackening. Spores 8.5-13 x 4.5-7 µm, l/b ratio 1.6-2.3, oblong-ellipsoid, often slightly constricted or reniform. Usually with 2-spored basidia. Occasional. Foto: Erik Rald, Frøslev Plantage, 16.VI.1984.
Fig. 7. Hygrocybe konradii Haller. Cap 1.5-7 cm, shaped like H. acutoconica, but usually more obtuse, yellow often flamed with orange or red, viscid. Gills yellow to orange. Stem dry, concolourous with cap with white base and longitudinally striate. Flesh white, not blackening but may slowly become greyish. Spores 9-13 x 6.5-10 µm, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, l/b ratio 1.1-1.8. Usually with 4-spored basidia. Rather rare. Foto: Erik Rald, Sønderby Klint, Fyn, 4.XI.1984.
Fig. 8. Hygrocybe subglobispora (ort.) Mos. Cap 3-10 cm, more or less acutely conical, later more applanate, viscid, yellow often flamed with orange or reddish. Gills white to pale yellowish. Stem dry, coarsely fibrillose, concolourous with cap to reddish with white base. Flesh whitish, not blackening but may slowly become greyish at stem base. Spores 8-13 x 7.5-12 µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, l/b ratio 1.0-1.3. Basidia 2- or 4-spored. Very rare. Foto: David Boertmann, Jægersborg Dyrehave, 30.VI.1984.
Fig. 9. Hygrocybe aurantiolutescens Ort. Cap 2-8 cm, obtusely conical, later more applanate, viscid, lemon yellow to reddish orange. Gills concolourous with cap or slightly paler. Stem dry, concolourous with cap with white base, logitudinally fibrillose, sometimes scurfy. Flesh pale yellow or pale orange, becoming greyish after 24 hours. Spores 10-15 x 5-7 µm, oblong-ellipsoid to cylindric, sometimes slightly constricted, l/b ratio 1.8-2.3. Basidia 4-spored. In stable dunes. Not in Denmark. Foto: Erik Rald, England, Holy Island, 29.IX.1983.

Why is Serpula lacrymans only found in buildings? - Jørgen Bech-Andersen - Svampe 12: 60-64. The paper deals with the problem why >>the dry rot fungus<< (Serpula lacrymans) is found only in buildings. It is shown that houses built with alkaline building materials like mortar, plast, bricks etc. form an ecological niche, where the fungus is able to control its production of oxalic acid and the moisture content of the wood. The latter is important as well since a moisture content in the wood above 55% is lethal to the fungus.

A new record of Squamanita odorata (Cool) Bas from Danmark - Thomas Læssøe - Svampe 12: 66-67. The fourth Danish record of the rare agaric Squamanita odorata is described and reported on. The four localities have been a coniferous forest, a garden, and under hedgerows and plantings around two railway-stations.

Localities for vaxcaps on Sjælland - Erik Rald - Svampe 13: 1-10. In 1984 and 1985 29 localities in Sjælland (Zealand), predominantly unfertilized commons, were investigated for species of Waxcaps (Hygrocybe, Camarophyllus, and Hygrotrama) and other grassland fungi. A total of 38 species if Wax Caps have been recorded from these localities (table 2). The localities are classified into the four-step scale proposed in an earlier paper (Rald 1985). 14 localities were found to be of local mycological importance, 10 of regional importance, 4 of national importance, and 1 of international importance (table 1).
Legend to colourphotos of Hygrocybe.
Figs. 2-5: yellow, more or less viscid species. Figs. 6-9: red, dry, scaly species.
Fig. 2. H. chlorophana (Fr.) Karst. (= H. flavescens (Kauffm.) Sing., H. euroflavescens Kühn.). Cap 1.5-4 cm, convex to flat, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, orange or yellow, discolouring to whitish. Gills ventricose, notched, white, yellow or orange. Stem 1.5-6 cm x 3-6 mm, viscid or dry, becoming wet when handled, whitish pruinose especially at apex when fresh, yellow or orange. Smell and taste not distinctive. Spores 7-9 x 4-4.5 µm, ellipsoid to narrowly drop-shaped, rarely slightly constricted. Basidia 30-50 x 7.5-10 µm. Gill trama regular, of long cells 450-1300 x 10-30 µm. Gill edge without cystidia. Cap cuticle an ixocutis or an ixotrichodermis, of long gelatinized hyphae 2-4.5 µm broad. In pastures, on lawns or in forests on naked soil. Rather common.
Some authors separate two closely related species differing in colour an thickness of ixocutis of stem. H. chlorophana s. str. has a yellow cap, white gills and distinctly viscid stem, while H. flavescens has an orange cap, yellow gills and a whitish pruinose, almost dry stem. These differences are probably only modifications due to climatic conditions. H. chlorophana s.str. is rare and mostly found among high grass.
Fig. 3. H. aurantiosplendens Hall. Cap 2-8 cm, conical, expanding to convex-umbonate, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, reddish orange, golden orange or yellow. Gills adnate to notched, rather narrow, orange to yellow. Stem 4-8 cm x 3-6 mm, wet to dry, whitish pruinose especially at apex, longitudinally fibrillose, fragile, orange to yellow. Spores 7-9.5 x 4-5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid, narrowly drop-shaped or slightly constricted. Basidia 35-55 x 5-8 µm. Gill trama regular with short cells 30-100 x 10-25 µm. Gill edge without cystidia. Cap cuticle an ixocutis of thin hyphae, 1-3 µm broad. In pastures. Very rare, in Denmark only found in Jægersborg Dyrehave.
Fig. 4. H. luteolaeta Arnolds. Cap 0.5-2 cm, semiglobose to flat, finally slightly depressed, very viscid, hygrophanous, bright chrome yellow, fading to whitish yellow. Gills deeply decurrent, arcuate, distant, chrome yellow, sometimes with slight orange tinge, edge viscid. Stem 2.8-5 cm x 2-3 mm, cylindric, slightly flexuose, very viscid, chrome yellow, fading to pale yellow. Flesh concolourous fragile, with aromatic smell. Spores (5-)6-7(-7.5) x (5-)6-7(-7.5) µm, broadly ellipsoid. Basidia 30-46 x 7-10 µm. Gill trama subregular, with short cells 25-185 x 15-25 µm. Gill edge with erect, branched, gelatinized hyphae resembling an ixotrichodermis. Cap cuticle an ixotrichodermis with thin, erect, branched, gelatinized hyphae 1.5-4 µm broad. In pastures beneath Juniperus. Very rare, in Denmark only found in Vandplasken in Northern Jutland.
This species has recently been described by Arnolds. It was recorded from Denmark by Boertmann (1985) as H. vitellina?
Fig. 5. H. quieta (Kühn.) Sing. Cap 1.5-7.5 cm, at first campanulate, but soon expanded and the obtusely umbonate, smooth, wet when fresh, but not distinctly viscid, hygrophanous, faintly striate at margin when moist, with a greasy or silky sheen when dry, orange to sordid yellow. Gills ventricose, notched, orange, often veined at base. Stem 2.5-6 cm x 2.7-8 mm, smooth, slightly wet to dry, orange yellow to yellow. Smell immediately after picking like bugs (Heteroptera) or Lactarius quietus. Spores 8-10 x 4-5 µm, at least the larger ones strongly constricted. Basidia 40-60 x 8-9 µm. Gill trama subregular, with short cells 54-144 x 18-22 µm. Gill edge without cystidia. Cap cuticle a cutis of narrow radial hyphae 2-6 µm broad. In pastures or in woods on naked soil. Very rare.
Fig. 6. H. miniata (Fr.) Kumm. (= H. strangulata (Orton) Svr. s. auct.). Cap 1-4 cm, semiglobose at first, later convex to flat, dry, finely scaly with scales concolourous with cap, drying out paler, red, orange or yellow. Gills adnate, adnexed or shortly decurrent, red, pink, orange, yellow or white. Stem 1-6 cm x 1.5-6.5 mm, dry, red, orange or yellow. Flesh not especially fragile, without particular smell and taste. Spores 6-10 x 4-6.5 µm, ellipsoid, many spores with enlarged basal half in front view, but not constricted. Basidia 35-60 x 5-10 µm. Gill trama rather irregular, with short cells 50-125 x 5-20 µm, 2-4 µm broad. Cap cuticle a trichodermis (more or less well developed) with end-cells 15-45 x 8-15 µm. In grasslands and heathlands, mostly on acid soil, also in Alnus-swamps.
Fig. 7. H. helobia (Arnolds) Bon. Cap 1-2.5 cm, dry, rather coarsely scaly with scales concolourous with cap, drying out paler, red to orange red. Gills adnate, adnexed or shortly decurrent, red, orange, yellow or white. Stem 1.5-6 cm x 1.5-3.5 mm, very fragile, dry, red, orange or yellow. Flesh very fragile, smell in box of garlic, strong, but fugacious. Spores 8-12 x 4.5-7 µm, ellipsoid, variable in shape. Basidia rather short, 35-45 x 6-11 µm. Gill trama rather irregular, with long cells 100-350 x 3-18 µm. Gill edge without cystidia. Cap cuticle a trichodermis with end-cells 35-100(-300) x 8-12(-22) µm. In dry grass-heaths, often on ant-hills close to swamps, often near the coast. Rare, but overlooked due to confusion with H. miniata.
Fig. 8. H. turunda (Fr.: Fr.) Karst. (= H. cantharellus (Schwein.) Murr. ss. auct.). Cap 0.8-2.5 cm, convex to flat or depressed, dry, finely scaly with scales concolourous with cap, drying out pale brownish due to dead cells, red, orange or yellow. Gills deeply decurrent, pale yellow to dark yellow. Stem 3-7 cm x 1.5-4 mm, dry, red, orange or yellow. Smell and taste not distinctive. Spores 8-12 x 5-7.5 µm, broadly ellipsoid. Basidia 40-70 x 5-13 µm. Gill trama rather irregular, with short elements 10-180 x 2-3 µm. Gill edge without cystidia. Cap cuticle a trichodermis with end-cells 30-150 x 8-30 µm. In grassland, on naked soil in Alnus-swamps, or in Sphagnum.
Many authors distinguish between a yellow species (H. turunda) and a red species (H. cantharellus). The microscopic characters are, however, very variable. Moreover, the original description of H. cantharellus shows a yellow, smooth species growing on wood, probably Omphalina grossula.
Fig. 9. H. coccineocrenata (Orton) Moser. Cap 0.5-2.5 cm, convex, soon flat or depressed, dry, with erect scales, which at first are concolourous with cap, but later become dark brown, red to orange yellow. Gills adnate, becoming decurrent, white to pale yellow, rarely reddish at base. Stem 1.5-6 cm x 3.5 mm, dry, red, orange or yellow. Smell and taste not distinctive. Spores 9-12 x 6-7 µm, broadly ellipsoid. Basidia 40-60 x 7-9 µm. Gill trama rather irregular, with short cells 35-60(-150) x 9-12(-30) µm. Gill edge without cystidia. Cap cuticle a trichodermis with end-cells 20-80 x 10-18 µm, with brownish content when mature.

The genus Ramariopsis in Denmark - Steen A. Elborne - Svampe 13:19-24. The four Danish species of Ramariopsis are described. Only R. kunzei was previously known in Denmark. R. kunzei is considered to be rather common, while the others are either rare or overlooked. The species occur most commonly in damp deciduous forests, especially under Fraxinus, on mull, clay and other basic or neutral soils. However, R. tenuiramosa seems to prefer acid soils, e.g. Pinus-plantations. Spores and especially warts proved to be cyanophilic.

Pisolithus tinctorius - a rare collection - Gunnar Rylander Hansen - Svampe 13: 25-29. Pisolithus tinctorius is reported from its second Danish locality, in southern Sjælland. The locality is a plantation with Pinus contorta on very acid sand. Other plants present were mainly Polytrichum piliferum, Cladonia spp. and Carex arenaria, and other associated fungi were i.a. Suillus luteus, Lactarius rufus and Paxillus involutus. On the other Danish locality on the island Bornholm the species was refound in 1985, 25 years after the first find.

Fungus succession on fallen logs of beech - Morten Lange - Svampe 13: 38-41. The fungus flora of 18 fallen logs of beech has been recorded during a period of six years. The results for the 30 most common species are tabellized (Table 1), with the logs grouped into four age groups (0-3, 4-9, 10-15 and 16-24 years from last year of growth). Of the 30 species more than half were found on logs 0-3 years old, only few, however, are confined to logs of this group and of group two. Species frequently found on living trees are members of the most important species group found on logs in all age classes. This includes i.a. Fomes fomentarius and Oudemansiella mucida. On the oldest logs, 16-24 years old, the dominant species belong to Mycena and Pluteus. On these logs a limited number of fairy ring formers and mycorrhiza-formers appear. The table also indicates the age limits for each species and the total number of logs on which the species were found.

Tremiscus helvelloides found in Denmark - Sonja Smerl - Svampe 13: 42-43. The first Danish record of Tremiscus helvelloides is reported on. It was growing in a small group under Salix caprea in a mixed forest close to a pasture. The soil was basic, with Urtica, Aegopodium, Coprinus comatus, etc. growing near by.

Ammonia-fungi - fungi with a characteristic ecology - Peter Milan Petersen - Svampe 14: 52-53. Ascobolus denudatus Fr. and Lyophyllum tylicolor (Fr. ex Fr.) Lange & Sivertsen - ammonia fungi in the sense of Sagara - are reported from dune slacks on the isle of Bornholm, Denmark.

New or rare species of Lactarius - Jan Vesterholt - Svampe 14: 54-58. Four species of Lactarius are recorded as new to Denmark, viz. L. lignyotus (from Bornholm and Jutland), L. porninsis (from Bornholm and Zealand), L.musteus (from Jutland), and L. zonarius (from Zealand, Lolland and Falster). The Danish material of L. acerrimus (from Zealand and Lolland) is revised, and the differences between L. zonarius, L. acerrimus, and the non-Danish L. insulsus and L. zonarioides are pointed out.

The genus Lentinellus in Denmark - Poul Printz - Svampe 14: 59-63. Finds of Lentinellus vulpinus (Fr.) Kühn. & Maire and L. castoreus (Fr.) Kühn. & Maire are reported (first records for Denmark). A key to the 5 Danish species of Lentinellus are provided. It is questioned whether L. castoreus and L. ursinus (Fr.) Kühn. are specifically different.

Mutinus ravenelii - a new danish stinkhorn - Henning Knudsen - Svampe 14: 64-65. The first find of Mutinus ravenelii (Berk. & Curt.) Fischer is reported on from Denmark. The locality was a garden in N-Sjælland. The characters which separated it from M. caninus were strong, unpleasant smell, the carmine red receptacle and the rapidly disappearing gleba.

"Volga-fungi" - Teepilze - Flemming Rune - Svampe 14: 66-76. A review is given on the symbiotic complex of vinegar-bacterias (Acetobacter xylinum, A. xylinoides, A. gluconicum, A. ketogenum) and various yeasts, used in Eastern and Western European herbal medicines. In a well-sugared tea the colonies of bacterias form medusa-like discs composed of several membranes, named >>Tea-fungi<< or >>Volga-fungi<<.
The use of Tea-fungi in households is treated, followed by a review on its history and distribution in Europe, especially in Denmark. About 50 popular names of Tea-fungi are encountered in the literature, and the geographical and biological origin of the Tea-fungi is considered to be Russia, where the symbiosis most likely have been established >>spontaneously<< by means of wind- and/or insect-dispersal of the organisms in question.
Furthermore the few known biological and chemical properties of the symbiotic complex are reviewed, and finally its medical value is considered according to the available pharmacological works. The original illustrations are made from fresh material, which has been prepared and photographed by scanning-EM and light-microscopy. An extended list of literature is available from the author.

The genus Camarophyllopsis in Denmark - Poul Printz & Thomas Læssøe - Svampe 14: 83-92. Five species of the genus Camarophyllopsis (syn. Hygrotrama) are reported from Denmark. The binomial Hygrophorus micaceus Berk. & Br. is used for C. subfuscescens and C. phaeoxantha, thus uniting the yellow-stiped >>species<< in one taxon. It is presumed that still some names e.g. in the C. hymenocephala-group should be put into synonomy (e.g. C. phaeophylla and C. rugulosa). The taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus have been badly influenced by namejugglers and even today superfluous combinations are made into various genera. H. micaceus has not been combined with Camarophyllopsis as yet but we judge it will be very soon! All too many >>species<< have been founded on too little material and insufficient descriptions. An example is the claim that C. schulzeri ss. Josserand (1937) from France should be conspecific with Hygrocybe deceptivum A. H. Smith & Hesler (Hesler & Smith 1963). This is no doubt correct but Josserand's description also fits Bresadola's original diagnosis (1884). The obvious conclusion to this is of course, that H. deceptivum is a superfluous name. This was also more or less suggested by Gulden & Weholt (1984), while Bon (1977) treat H. deceptivum as a good species found once in Europe.
The reported differences between the four species belonging to the subgenus Hodophilus are so small that a case could be made for lowering to variety level.
The ecology of the group is reported to be very homogenous with all species preferring base rich localities e.g. dense, deciduous copses on limestone and old grasslands like old fens, churchyards etc. C. schulzeri has possibly a preference for grasslands while the Hodophilus-species probably prefer black mull copses. Sometimes four or five species are found in one locality often in between a large number of species belonging to Clavariaceae, Geoglossaceae, Entolomataceae (Leptonia and Pouzaromyces) and other Hygrophoraceae.

The genus Hygrocybe in Denmark - Boertmann, David - Svampe 15: 27-48. 33 species of the genus Hygrocybe are reported from Denmark, and a key to their identification is given. All the blackening species are regarded as varieties of H. conica. H. citrinovirens, brevispora and obrussea are presumably synonyms, although the name H. citrinovirens is still used here. H. chlorophana and H. flavescens are regarded as synonyms. The only interpretation of H. glutinipes Lange found in Denmark is Kühners (1979), and therefore this is supposedly the >>true<< H. glutinipes. Other interpretations should be redescribed. H. aurantioviscida Arnolds seems to be a synonym of H. glutinipes. H. strangulata reported earlier from Denmark is H. miniata.
Fig. 1. H. reai. Cap 0.5-3 cm, convex, campanulate to applanate, scarlet to orange, often with yellow and crenate margin, first viscid, but soon dry and mat. Gills orange, sometimes with pale edge, adnate, notched or slightly decurrent, sometimes very broad. Taste bitter. Stem 2-5 cm x 2-4 mm, first moist but soon dry, orange. Spores 7-10 x 4-6.5 µm, often strongly constricted in front-view and/or strongly and abrubtly extended near base. H. mucronella (Fr.) Karst. ss. Lge. is the same. Rather rare, and ususally late in the season.
Fig. 2. H. phaeococcinea. Small species. Cap 0.5-4 cm, convex to applanate, rarely umbilicate as here, dark red with yellow margin, rarely orange, with more or less distinct black coating on centre. Gills vividly red or orange with lilac or salmon tint (here usually pale), adnate or notched, usually ventricose and visible below cap-margin. Stem 1-4 cm x x1.5-3 mm, concolourous with cap. Very fragile. Usually hair-like pseudocystidia on gill-edge. Rather rare, but very likely overlooked.
Fig. 3. H. reidii (H. marchii ss. auct.). Cap 1-4 cm, dry or nearly dry, scarlet to orange, when old opaque greyish white and then cuticle often breaking up into adpressed scales, margin long time incurved and often coarsely undulated, centre usually slightly depressed. Gills thick and distant, pale yellowish or pale orange, often with whitish edge, adnate to slightly decurrent. Stem 2-4 cm x 2-5 mm, orange or yellow. Smell distinctly like honey. In Jutland rather common, elsewhere in Denmark rather rare.
Fig. 4. H. intermedia. Cap more or less obtusely conical, 2.5-10 cm, orange to red, dry, distinctly fibrillose and often squamulose at centre. Gills whitish and adnexed. Stem 2.5-9 cm x 8-15 mm, concolourous with cap, base white, fibrillose. Very rare, and only known from three localities in Denmark.
Fig. 5. H. citrinovirens. Cap more or less conical, dry and finely fibrillose, 2.5-7 cm, greenish yellow, sometimes with orange or brownish fibres especially near centre, thin-fleshed. Gills whitish, broad and adnexed. Stem 5-13 cm x 10-25 mm, stout but fragile, dry and smooth, concolourous with cap, sometimes with orange tints. Spores 6-8(-9) x 5-6(-7) µm. Possibly identical to H. obrussea (Fr.) Wünsche. Very rare and only known from four localities in Denmark.
Fig. 6. H. sciophana. Very much like H. psittacina except the colour: Cap, stem, and especially gills brick red, and stem top usually greyish. Cap becomes pale pink when dry. Very rare in Denmark, only found in three localities.

Dependence of soil type and of species of host tree - Morten Lange - Svampe 16: 57-59. 10 experimental plantations with 12 tree species on various soil types have been studied for the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The number of species was significantly high on the poorest sandy soils. On richer soils, the figures were high in plantations of Abies alba, A. nobilis and Quercus. On sandy soil, the high figures for Fagus-plantations were noticeable. The occurrences of the individual species show a varied picture (Tab. 2). Some species of Lactarius are very narrow in host preference, other species are found under all or almost all host trees, but then exclusively on poor sand.

New danish polypores - Jan Vesterholt & Jens H. Petersen - Svampe 16: 62-68. Five species of polypores are recorded as new to Denmark, viz. Anomoporia myceliosa (from Jutland and Bornholm), Antrodia lindbladii (from Jutland and Zealand), Gelatoporia pannocincta (from Zealand), Skeletocutis carneogrisea (from Zealand and falster) and Tyromyces gilvescens (from Jutland, Zealand and Lolland).

Excursion to the Soviet Union 27/9 - 12/10 1986 - Henning Knudsen - Svampe 16: 76-82. 34 members of The Danish Mycological Society including a few from Sweden and Norway participated in a 17-day excursion to the Soviet Union in 1986. The localities were Moscow, Sochi by the Black Sea, Jerevan in Armenia and Rostov near the mouth of the river Don. Due to grought in the south and frosts in the north the results were poorer than expected considering the splendid nature of Kaukasus, but despite the weather, a number of interesting species were recorded, some of which seem to be new to the Soviet Union. For northern Europeans the most interesting species were: Agarics: Pachylepyrium funariophilum, Pseudoclitocybe expallens, Oudemansiella longipes, Mycenella lasiosperma, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Plutues atromarginatus, Leccinum crocipodium, Mycena supina, M. melligena, and Phaeomarasmius rimulincola. Among the polypores, which were the best represented group, the most interesting were: Rigidoporus ulmarius, Aurantioporus alborubescens, A. fissilis, Onnia triqueter, Polyporus arcularius, Perenniporia fraxinea, Hapalopilus croceus, Irpex lacteus, Trametes trogii, Phellinus robustus, Ceriporia purpurea, Gloeoporus dichrous, Trichaptum biforme, and Pycnoporellus fulgens. Finally, Geastrum saccatum, Tulostoma sp., Cyathus stercoreus and the myxomycete Stemonitis splendens should be mentioned as interesting finds.
The collected material is deposited at the Botanical Museum, Copenhagen (C).

The genus Camarophyllus in Denmark - Erik Rald & David Boertmann - Svampe 17: 1-10. Six species of Camarophyllus are recorded from Denmark, and a key to their identification is presented. C. berkeleyi (Orton) ined. is regarded a variety of C. pratensis (Pers.:Fr.) Kumm. and C. fuscescens (Bres.) Moser is regarded a variety of C. virgineus (Wulf.:Fr.) Kumm. (=C. niveus (Scop.) Wünsche). A study of C. F. Schumacher's original painting of C. subradiatus (Schum.) Wünsche (reproduced in this paper as fig. 7) showed, that it is a synonym of the typicla form of C. virgineus. C. subradiatus in the sense of modern authors is regarded a synonym of C. colemannianus, and no varieties are distinguished within this species. A study of C. F. Schumacher's original description and painting (the latter published in Flora Danica) of C. lacmus (Schum.) J. E. Lange showed that it is identical with C. subviolaceus (Peck) Singer and not with C. lacmus sensu J. E. Lange. For the latter species the name C. flavipes (Britz.) Clç. is used. C. cinereus (Pers.) de Lanessen is regarded a synonym of C. lacmus in the sense of the present paper, based on study of the original description of Persoon. All published descriptions and figures of C. cinereus seem to pertain to dried-out specimens of C. lacmus (=C. subviolaceus).

Features of the natural history of the spore cyst fungi - J.P. Skou. - Svampe 17: 17-22. An outline is given of the world-wide occurrence of spore cyst fungi (Ascosphaerales). This order of fungi are after all confined to the bee family (Apidae). The nutritional requirements suggest adaptation to this niche during thousands of years association. Their ontogeny make them very unique among fungi as the one-celled ascogonium inflates and constitutes the ascoma containing the ascospores that are held together in spore balls. Sixteen described species are mentioned.

Cordyceps gracilis found in Denmark - David Boertmann - Svampe 17: 34. Cordyceps gracilis is recorded for the first time in Denmark. It was found June 12th 1987 in coniferous forest on lime-rich soil. Five fruitbodies originating from larvae, one apparently from a pupa, all of the butterfly genus Hepialus.

Danish dune fungi - Steen A. Elborne - Svampe 19: 1-11. A survey is given of some characteristic fungi from Danish sand dunes. These are preliminary results of the study of 15 permanent plots (100 sq.-m.) in 5 plant sociations in the north of Jutland, from 1982 to 1984. Excursions were made to many sand dune areas all over the country, supplemented with the study of material in the Botanical Museum in Copenhagen. A schematic presentation of the distribution of sand dune fungi within a sand dune system is given. The distribution of sand dune fungi in denmark is discussed. The sand dune fungi are arranged into ecological groups based on their choice of substrate and mode of degrading it.

Poisonous species of Cortinarius - Jacob Heilmann-Clausen & Jan Vesterholt - Svampe 19: 12-15. The two deadly poisonous species Cortinarius splendens and C. orellanus are reported as new to denmark, and Cortinarius orellanoides (syn.: C. speciosissimus) which earlier has been reported from six localities in Denmark is here demonstrated to be rather frequent.

Clathrus archeri found in Denmark - Jan Vesterholt & Klaus Sørensen - Svampe 19: 16-17. Clathrus archeri is recorded for the first time in Denmark. It was found in an open beech-forest along a footpath.

Melanomphalia nigrescens refound - Thomas Læssøe - Svampe 19: 33-34. A recent find, the first from Denmark since M. P. Christiansens original collections, of Melanomphalia nigrescens from northern Jutland is described. It is proposed, for the time being, to consider M. nigrescens as a natural element in the European mycoflora.

Squamanita paradoxa - a rare and peculiar finding - Christian Lange & Thomas Læssøe - Svampe 19: 35-36. The authors report the first Danish collection of Squamanita paradoxa. It was found in deep moss among Cystoderma amianthinum at the edge of a Picea plantation. No velum remained on the caps and the odeur was faint, fruity. For the time being we refrain from using S. basii Harmaja for this taxon. This collection seems to bridge the descriptions of European and American material.

Stropharia percevalii and Agrocybe putaminum; two new wood-chip-fungi from denmark- Erik Rald - Svampe 19: 39-43. Stropharia percevalii (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. and Agrocybe putaminum (maire) Sing. are reported from Denmark for the first time. The former is a rather common species on wood-chips in cities, while the latter has only been found in a single locality. Both species are mainly found on wood-chips, but they have also been met on garden soil.

The mycoflora of the island Vorsø - Thomas Læssøe - Svampe 20: 59-80. The mycoflora on the island Vorsø and adjacent islets (59.4 ha.) in Horsens Fjord has been studied in 1980 and less extensively so until 1989. The vegetation is in various successional stages with two old forest parts and several plantations either of Populus, Quercus or of mixed composition. Abies alba and Pinus nigra (2 trees) are the only conifers present (excl. the garden). A small part of the island is lime rich, the rest being rich mull or in a few places sandy moraine.
Besides the two main forest parts the island was cultivated or grazed until 1929. Part of this was left to "natural" succession and in 1978 all farming was abandoned. The old fields have now transformed into shrubs or very dense Chamaenerion angustifolium stands. The forests are now dominated by huge bird colonies esp. cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). E.g. Coprinus echinosporus grows abundantly on the "enriched" dead wood underneath the nesting trees. The Chamaenerion stands provide a very good habitat for Mycena spp.The lignicolous Lentinellus omphalodes is surprisingly common on decaying stems. In the lime rich area there is almost closed canopy of esp. Crataegus. Other important tree genera are Fraxinus, Ulmus, Quercus. In 1929 the area was open and probably grazed. The mycoflora is very rich and includes many "typical grassland" species. Inside the area, ca. 150 x 150 m, 13 Entoloma spp. (incl. 4 Pouzarella spp.), 14 Hygrophoraceae spp. (Hygrocybe, Camarophyllus, Camarophyllopsis (5!)), 12 Clavariaceae (excl. Typhula) and 4 Geoglossaceae spp. have been collected and also many other interesting more or less calciphilous species. In 1980 ten 1 sq.-m. plots were investigated weekly within the area. An average of 8.3 Agaricales species/sq.-m- (total 45 spp.) and 6.5 clavarioid spp/sq.-m- (tot. 16 spp, incl. Typhula, Clavulina, Tremellodendropsis) were found. It is obvious from the species list that some groups need to be collected much more and dealt with by experts (e.g. Uredinales, Ustilaginales, Cortinarius, Galerina, Clitocybe, Corticiaceae).
It might be possible to more than double the list.

Coprinus extinctorius and Coprinus laanii new to Denmark - Erik Rald - Svampe 20: 81-83. Coprinus extinctorius (Bull.) Fr. ss. Romagnesi is recorded from Denmark for the first time. It has been observed during ten years growing in a wound in an elm in Copenhagen. Coprinus laanii Kits van Waveren is recorded from a few localities in Denmark growing on stumps of broadleaved trees with exuding sap.

SVAMPE 1-10 - SVAMPE 11-20 - SVAMPE 21-30 - SVAMPE 31-40 - SVAMPE 41-50 - SVAMPE 51-60